PureInsight | January 17, 2005
On the Chinese Communist Party's History of Killing
IV. Exporting the Revolution, Killing People Overseas
In addition to killing people within China and inside the Party with great delight and using a variety of methods, the CCP also participated in killing people abroad including the overseas Chinese by exporting the "revolution." The Khmer Rouge is a typical example.
Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge only existed for four years in Cambodia. Nevertheless, from 1975 to 1978, more than two million people, including over 200,000 Chinese, were killed in this small country that had a population of only eight million people.
The Khmer Rouge's crimes are countless, but we will not discuss them here. We must, however, talk about its relationship with the CCP.
Pol Pot worshipped Mao Zedong. Beginning in 1965, he visited China four times to listen to Mao Zedong's teachings in person. As early as November 1965, Pol Pot stayed in China for three months. Chen Boda and Zhang Chunqiao discussed with him theories such as "political power grows out of the barrel of a gun," "class struggle," "dictatorship of the proletariat," and so on. Later, these became the basis for how he ruled Cambodia. After returning to Cambodia, Pol Pot changed the name of his party to the Cambodian Communist Party and established revolutionary bases according to the CCP's model of encircling cities from the countryside.
In 1968, the Cambodian Communist Party officially established an army. At the end of 1969, it had slightly more than 3,000 people. But in 1975, before attacking and occupying the city of Phnom Penh, it had become a well equipped and brave fighting force of 80,000 soldiers. This was completely due to the CCP's support. The book Documentary of Supporting Vietnam and Fighting with America by Wang Xiangen [24] says that in 1970 China gave Pol Pot armed equipment for 30,000 soldiers. In April 1975, Pol Pot took the capital of Cambodia, and two months later, he went to Beijing to pay a visit to the CCP and listen to instructions. Obviously, if the Khmer Rouge's killing had not been backed by the CCP's theories and material support, it could not have been done.
For example, after Prince Sihanouk's two sons were killed by the Cambodian Communist Party, the Cambodian Communist Party obediently sent Sihanouk to Beijing on Zhou Enlai's orders. It was well known that when the Cambodian Communist Party killed people, they would "even kill the fetus" to prevent any possible troubles in the future. But at Zhou Enlai's request, Pol Pot obeyed without protest.
Zhou Enlai could save Sihanouk with one word, but the CCP did not object to the more than 200,000 Chinese who were killed by the Cambodian Communist Party. At that time, the Chinese Cambodians went to the Chinese embassy for help, but the embassy ignored them.
In May 1998, when a large-scale killing and raping of ethnic Chinese took place in Indonesia, the CCP did not say a word. It did not offer any help, and even blocked the news inside China. It seems that the Chinese government couldn't care less about the fate of overseas Chinese; it did not even offer any humanitarian assistance.
V. The Destruction of Family
We have no way to count how many people have been killed in the CCP's political campaigns. Among the people, there is no way to do a statistical survey because of information blocks and barriers among different regions, ethnic groups, and local dialects. The CCP government would never conduct this kind of survey, as that would be like digging its own grave. The CCP prefers to omit the details when writing its own history.
The number of families damaged by the CCP is even more difficult to know. In some cases, one person died and the family was broken. In other cases, the entire family died. Even when no one died, many were forced to divorce. Father and son, mother and daughter were forced to renounce their relationships. Some were disabled, some went crazy, and some died young because of serious illness caused by torture. The record of all these family tragedies is very incomplete.
The Japan-based Yomiuri News once reported that over half of the Chinese population has been persecuted by CCP. If that is the case, the number of families destroyed by the CCP is estimated to be over 100 million.
Zhang Zhixin [25] has become a household name due to the amount of reporting on her story. Many people know that she suffered physical torture, gang rape and mental torture. Finally, she was driven insane and shot to death after her tongue was cut. But many people may not know there is another cruel story behind this tragedy—even her family members had to attend a "study session for the families of death row inmates."
Zhang Zhixin's daughter Lin Lin recalled that in the early spring of 1975,
A person from Shenyang Court said loudly, "Your mother is a real die-hard counterrevolutionary. She refuses to accept reform, and is incorrigibly obstinate. She is against our great leader Chairman Mao, against the invincible Mao Zedong Thought, and against Chairman Mao's proletariat revolutionary direction. With one crime on top of another, our government is considering increasing the punishment. If she is executed, what is your attitude?" I was astonished, and did not know how to answer. My heart was broken. But I pretended to be calm, trying hard to keep my tears from falling. My father had told me that we could not cry in front of others, otherwise we had no way to renounce our relationship with my mother. Father answered for me, "If this is the case, the government is free to do what it deems necessary."
The person from court asked again, "Will you collect her body if she is executed? Will you collect her belongings in prison?" I lowered my head and said nothing. Father answered for me again, "We don't need anything."… Father held my brother and me by the hands and we walked out of the county motel. Staggering along, we walked home against the howling snow storm. We did not cook; father split the only coarse corn bun we had at home and gave it to my brother and me. He said, "Finish it and go to bed early." I lay on the clay bed quietly. Father sat on a stool and stared at the light in a daze. After a while, he looked at the bed and thought we were all asleep. He stood up, gently opened the suitcase we brought from our old home in Shenyang, and took out mother's photo. He looked at it and could not hold back his tears.
I got up from bed, put my head into father's arms and started crying loudly. Father patted me and said, "Don't do that, we cannot let the neighbors hear it." My brother woke up after hearing me cry. Father held my brother and me tightly in his arms. This night we did not know how many tears we shed, but we could not cry freely. [26]
One university lecturer had a happy family, but his family encountered a disaster during the process of redressing the rightists. At the time of the anti-rightist movement, his wife was dating someone who was labeled a rightist. Her lover was later sent to a remote area and suffered greatly. Because she, as a young girl, could not go along, she gave her lover up and married the lecturer. When her beloved one finally came back to their hometown, she, now a mother of several children, had no other way to repent her betrayal in the past. She insisted on divorcing her husband in order to redeem her guilty conscience. By this time, the lecturer was over 50-years old; he could not accept the sudden change and went insane. He stripped off all his clothes and ran all over to look for a place to start a new life. Finally, his wife left him and their children. The painful separation decreed by the Party is a problem that can't be solved and an incurable social disease that could only replace one separation with another separation.
Family is the basic unit of the Chinese society. It is also the traditional culture's last defense against the Party culture. That is why damage to the family is the cruelest in the CCP's history of killing.
Because the CCP monopolizes all social resources, when a person is classified as being on the opposing side of the dictatorship, he or she will immediately face a crisis in livelihood, be accused by everyone in society, and stripped of his or her dignity. Because they are treated unjustly, the family is the only safe haven for these innocent people to be consoled. But the CCP's policy of implication kept family members from comforting each other; otherwise, they too risked being labeled opponents of the dictatorship. Zhang Zhixin, for instance, was forced to divorce. For many people, family members' betrayal—reporting on, fighting, publicly criticizing, or denouncing them—is the last straw that breaks their spirit. Many people have committed suicide as a result.
VI. The Patterns and Consequences of Killing
The CCP's Ideology of Killing
The CCP has always touted itself as being talented and creative in its development of Marxism-Leninism, but in reality the CCP creatively developed an unprecedented evil in history and around the world. It uses the communist ideology of social unity to deceive the public and intellectuals. It sizes the opportunity of science and technology's undermining belief to promote complete atheism. It uses communism to deny private ownership, and uses Lenin's theory and practice of violent revolution to rule the country. At the same time, it combined and further reinforced the most evil part of Chinese culture that deviates from mainstream Chinese traditions.
The CCP invented a complete theory and framework of "revolution" and "continuous revolution" under the dictatorship of the proletariat; it used this system to change society and ensure the party dictatorship. Its theory has two parts—economic base and superstructure under the dictatorship of the proletariat, in which the economic base determines the superstructure, while the superstructure in turn acts on the economic base. In order to strengthen the superstructure, especially the Party's power, it must first start the revolution from the economic base, which includes:
(1) Killing the landowners to solve the relations of production [27] in the countryside, and (2) Killing the capitalists to solve relations of production in cities.
Within the superstructure, killing is also repeatedly carried out to maintain the Party's absolute control in ideology. This includes: (1) Solving the problem of intellectuals' political attitude towards the Party
Over a long period of time, the CCP has launched multiple campaigns to reform the thought of the intellectuals. They have accused intellectuals of bourgeois individualism, bourgeois ideology, apolitical viewpoints, classless ideology, liberalism, etc. The CCP stripped intellectuals of their dignity through brainwashing them and eliminating their conscience. The CCP nearly eliminated completely the independent thinking and many other good qualities of the intellectuals, including the tradition of speaking out for justice and devoting one's life to uphold justice. That tradition teaches: "Not be led into excesses when wealthy and honored or deflected from his purpose when poor and obscure, nor can he be made to bow before superior force [28]"; "One should be the first to worry for the state and the last to claim his share of happiness. [29]"; "Every ordinary man shall hold himself responsible for his nation's success and failure. [30]"; and, "In obscurity a gentleman makes perfect his own person, but in prominence he makes perfect the whole country as well." [31]
(2) Launching a cultural revolution and killing people in order to gain the CCP's absolute cultural and political leadership
The CCP mobilized mass campaigns inside and outside the Party, starting to kill in the areas of literature, art, theatre, history and education. The CCP targeted the first attacks on several famous people such as the "Three-Family Village [32]," Liu Shaoqi, Wu Han, Lao She, and Jian Bozan. Later, the number of people killed increased to "a small group inside the Party" and "a small group inside the army," and finally, the killing escalated from among all inside the Party and army to all the people around the country. Armed fighting eliminated physical bodies; cultural attacks killed people's spirit. It was an extremely chaotic and violent period under the CCP's control. The evil side of human nature had been amplified to the maximum by the Party's needs to revive its power in a crisis. Everyone could arbitrarily kill under the name of "revolution" and "defending Chairman Mao's revolutionary line." That was an unprecedented nationwide exercise of eliminating human nature.
(3) The CCP fired at students in Tiananmen Square on June 4, 1989 in response to the democratic demands following the Cultural Revolution
This was the first time that the CCP army killed civilians publicly in order to suppress the people's protest of embezzlement, corruption and collusion between government officials and businessmen, and their demand for the freedoms of press, speech, and assembly. During the Tiananmen massacre, in order to instigate hatred between the army and civilians, the CCP even staged scenes of people burning military vehicles and killing soldiers, stage-managing the tragedy of the People's Army massacring its people.
(4) Killing people of different beliefs
The domain of belief is the lifeline of the CCP. In order to let its heresy deceive people at the time, the CCP started to eliminate all religions and belief systems at the beginning of its rule. When facing a spiritual belief in a new era—Falun Gong—the CCP took out its butcher's knife again. The CCP's strategy is to take advantage of Falun Gong's principles of "Truthfulness, Compassion and Tolerance" and the fact that practitioners do not lie, do not use violence, and will not cause social instability. After gaining experience in persecuting Falun Gong, the CCP made itself better able to eliminate people of other faiths. This time, Jiang Zemin and the CCP themselves came to the front of the stage to kill instead of utilizing other people or groups.
(5) Killing people in order to cover up the truth
The people's right to know is another weak point of the CCP; The CCP also kills people in order to block information. In the past, "listening to the enemy's radio broadcast" was a felony that was punished with prison terms. Now, in response to multiple incidents of the interception of the state-owned television system to clarify the truth of the persecution of Falun Gong, Jiang Zemin issued the secret order to "kill instantly without mercy." Liu Chengjun, who carried out such an interception, was tortured to death. The CCP has mobilized the '610 Office' (an organization similar to the Gestapo in Nazi Germany that was created to persecute Falun Gong), the police, prosecutors, courts and a massive Internet police system to monitor people's every action.
(6) Depriving people of their survival rights for the sake of its own interests
The CCP's theory of continuous revolution means, in reality, that it will not give up its power. Currently, embezzlement and corruption inside the CCP have developed into conflicts between the Party's absolute leadership and people's right to life. When people organize to protect their rights legally, the CCP uses violence, waving its butcher's knife toward the so-called "ringleaders" of these movements. The CCP has already prepared over one million armed police for this purpose. Today, the CCP is much better prepared for killing than it was at the time of the Tiananmen massacre in 1989, when it had to mobilize temporarily its field army. However, while forcing its people on a road to ruin, the CCP has also forced itself into a dead end. The CCP has come to such an extremely vulnerable stage that it even "takes trees and grass as enemies when the wind blows," as the Chinese saying goes.
We can see from above that the CCP is an evil specter in nature. No matter how it changes at a specific time and place in order to maintain absolute control, the CCP will not change its history of killing—it killed people before, is killing people now, and will continue to kill in the future.
Different Killing Patterns under Different Circumstances
A. Leading with Propaganda
The CCP has used various different ways to kill people depending on the period of time. In most situations, the CCP created propaganda before killing. The CCP has said often "only killing could appease the public's indignation," as if people had requested the CCP to kill. In reality, this "public indignation" has been excited by the CCP.
For example, the drama "White-Haired Girl" [33], a total distortion of a folk legend, and the fabricated stories of rent collection and water dungeons told in the drama "Liu Wencai" were both used as tools to "educate" people to hate landlords. The CCP commonly demonizes their enemies, as it did in the case of China's former president, Liu Shaoqi. In particular, the CCP staged a self-immolation incident on Tiananmen Square in January 2001 to incite people's hatred toward Falun Gong, and then redoubled their massive genocidal campaign against Falun Gong. Not only has the CCP not changed its ways of killing people, but instead has perfected them by employing new information technology. In the past the CCP could only deceive the Chinese people, but now it also deceives people around the world.
B. Mobilizing the Masses to Kill People
The CCP not only kills people through the machine of its dictatorship, but also actively mobilizes people to kill each other. Even if the CCP observed some regulations and laws in the beginning of these mobilizations, by the time it has incited people to join in, nothing could stop the slaughter. For example, when the CCP was carrying out its land reform, a land reform committee could decide on the life and death of landlords.
C. Destroying One's Spirit before Killing His Physical Body
Another pattern of killing is to crush one's spirit before killing the human body. In China's history, even the the most cruel and ferocious Qin Dynasty (221 – 207 BC) did not destroy people's spirits. The CCP has never given people the chance to die like a martyr. They promulgated policies such as "Leniency to those who confess and severe punishment to those who resist," and "Lowering one's head to admit the crime is the only way out." The CCP forces people to give up their own thoughts and beliefs, making them die like dogs without dignity; a dignified death would encourage followers. Only when people die in humiliation and shame can the CCP achieve its purpose of "educating" the people who admired the victim. The reason that the CCP persecutes Falun Gong with extreme cruelty and violence is that Falun Gong practitioners consider their beliefs more important than their lives. When the CCP was unable to destroy their dignity, it did everything it could to torture their physical bodies.
D. Killing People by Alliances and Alienation
When killing people, the CCP would use both carrot and stick, befriending some people and alienating others. The CCP always tries to attack a "small portion" of the population, using the proportion of 5 percent. "The majority" of the population are always good, always the objects of "education." Such education consists of terror and care. Education through terror uses fear to show people that those who oppose the CCP will come to no good end, making them stay far away from those previously attacked by the Party. Education through "care" lets people see that if they can earn the CCP's trust and stand together with the CCP, they will not only be safe but also have a good chance to be promoted or gain other benefits. Lin Biao [33] once said, "A small portion [suppressed] today and a small portion tomorrow, soon there will be a large portion in total." Those who rejoiced surviving one movement often became victims of the next.
E. Nipping Potential Threats in the Bud and Secretive Extra-Judicial Killings
Recently the CCP has developed the killing pattern of nipping problems in the bud and killing secretly outside the law. For example, as workers' strikes or peasants' protests become more common in various places, the CCP eliminates the movements before they can grow by arresting the so-called "ringleaders" and sentencing them to severe punishment. In another example, as freedom and human rights have more and more become a commonly recognized trend throughout the world, the CCP did not sentence any Falun Gong practitioner to the death penalty, but under Jiang Zemin's instigation of "no one is held responsible for killing Falun Gong practitioners," Falun Gong practitioners have commonly been tortured to tragic deaths all over the country. Although the Chinese Constitution stipulates the citizens' right of appeal if one has suffered an injustice. Nevertheless, the CCP uses plainclothes policeman or hires local thugs to stop, arrest and send appellants back home, even putting them into labor camps.
F. Killing One to Warn Others
The persecutions of Zhang Zhixin, Yu Luoke and Lin Zhao [35] are all such examples.
G. Using Suppression to Conceal the Truth of Killing
Famous people with international influence are usually suppressed, but not killed by the CCP. The purpose of this is to conceal the killing of those whose deaths will not draw public attention. For example, during the campaign of suppressing the reactionaries, the CCP did not kill high-ranking KMT generals such as Long Yun, Fu Zuoyi and Du Yuming, and instead killed lower level KMT officers and soldiers.
The CCP's killing has, over a long period of time, distorted the Chinese people's souls. Now, in China, many people have the tendency to kill. When terrorists attacked the U.S. on September 11, 2001, many Chinese cheered the attacks on Mainland Chinese Internet message boards. Advocates of "total war" were heard everywhere, making people tremble with fear.
Conclusion
Due to the CCP's information blockade, we have no way of knowing exactly how many people have died from the various movements of persecution that occurred during its rule. At least 60 million people died in the foregoing movements. In addition, the CCP also killed ethnic minorities in Xinjiang, Tibet, Inner Mongolia, Yunnan and other places; information on these incidents is difficult to find. The Washington Post once estimated that the number of people persecuted to death by the CCP is as high as 80 million [36].
Besides the number of deaths, we have no way of knowing how many people became disabled, mentally ill, enraged, depressed, or frightened to death through the persecution they suffered. Every single death is a bitter tragedy that leaves everlasting agony to the family members of the victims.
As the Japan-based Yomiuri News once reported [37], the Chinese central government conducted a survey on the casualties inflicted during the Cultural Revolution in 29 provinces and municipalities directly under the Central Government. Results showed that nearly 600 million people were persecuted or incriminated during the Cultural Revolution, which comprises about half of China's population.
Stalin once said that the death of one man is a tragedy, but the death of one million is merely a statistic. When told that many people starved to death in Sichuan province, Li Jingquan, the former Party Secretary of Sichuan Province, remarked, "Which dynasty didn't have people die?" Mao Zedong said, "Casualties are inevitable for any struggle. Death often occurs." This is the atheist communists' view on life. That's why 20 million people died as a result of persecution during Stalin's regime, which constitutes 10 percent of the population of the former USSR. The CCP has killed at least 80 million people, which is also nearly 10 percent of the nation's population [at the end of the Cultural Revolution]. The Khmer Rouge killed two million people, or one quarter of Cambodia's population at that time. In North Korea, the death toll from famine is estimated to be over one million. These are all bloody debts owed by the communist parties.
Evil cults sacrifice people and use their blood to worship evil specters. Since its beginnings, the communist party has continued to kill people—when it couldn't kill those outside the Party, it would even kill its own people—to commemorate its "class struggles," "inter-party struggles," and other fallacies. It even put its own party general secretary, marshals, generals, ministers and others on the sacrificial altar of the evil cult.
Many think the CCP should be given time to improve itself, saying that it is quite restrained in its killings now. First of all, killing one person still makes one a murderer. Moreover, because killing is one of the methods the CCP uses to govern its terror-based regime, the CCP would then ratchet up and down its killings according to its needs. The CCP's killing is, in general, unpredictable. When people lack a strong sense of fear, the CCP could kill more to increase their sense of terror; when people are already fearful, killing a few could maintain the sense of terror; when people can't help but fear the CCP, then announcing the intention to kill, with no need really to kill, would be enough for the CCP to maintain terror. After having experienced countless political and killing movements, people have formed a conditioned reflex response to the CCP's terror. Therefore, there is no need for the CCP to even mention killing, even the propaganda machine's tone of mass criticism is enough to bring back people's memories of terror.
The CCP would adjust the intensity of its killing once people's sense of terror changes. The magnitude of killing itself is not the goal of the CCP; the key is its consistency in killing for the sake of maintaining power. The CCP has not become lenient. Nor has it laid down its butcher's knife. Conversely, the people have become more obedient. Once the people stand up to request something that goes beyond the tolerance of the CCP, the CCP will not hesitate to kill.
Out of the need to maintain terror, random killing gives the maximum result to achieve this goal. In the large-scale killings that took place previously, the identity, crime and sentencing standard for its targets were kept intentionally vague by the CCP. To avoid being included as the targets for killing, people would often restrict themselves to a "safe zone" based on their own judgment. Such a "safe zone" was sometimes even narrower than the one that the CCP intended to set. That's why in every single movement, people tend to act like "a leftist rather than a rightist." As a result, a movement is oftentimes "enlarged" beyond its intended scale, because people at different levels voluntarily impose restrictions on themselves to ensure their own safety. The lower the level, the crueler the movement became. Such society-wide voluntary intensification of terror stems from the CCP's random killings.
In its long history of killing, the CCP has metamorphosed itself into a depraved serial killer. Through killing, it satisfies its perverted sense of the ultimate power of deciding people's life and death. Through killing, it eases its own innermost fear. Through killing, it suppresses social unrest and dissatisfaction caused by its earlier murders. Today, the compounded bloody debts of the CCP have made a benevolent solution impossible. It can only rely on intense pressure and totalitarian rule to maintain its existence until its final moment. Despite occasionally disguising itself through redressing its murder victims, the CCP's bloodthirsty nature has never changed. It will be even less likely to change in the future.
Notes:
[1] Mao Zedong's letter to his wife Jiang Qing (1966).
[2] Superstructure in the context of Marxist social theory refers to the way of interaction between human subjectivity and the material substance of society.
[3] Hu Feng, scholar and literary critic, was opposed to the doctrinarian literature policy of the CCP. He was expelled from the Party in 1955 and sentenced to 14 years in prison.
[4] The Analects of Confucius.
[5] Leviticus 19:18.
[6] Marx, Communist Manifesto (1848).
[7] Mao Zedong, The People's Democratic Dictatorship (1949).
[8] Mao Zedong, "We Must Fully Promote [the Suppression of Reactionaries] So Every Family Is Informed." (March 30, 1951).
[9] Mao Zedong, "We must forcefully and accurately strike the reactionaries." (1951)
[10] The Heavenly Kingdom of Taiping (1851 - 1864), also known as the Taiping Rebellion, was one of the bloodiest conflicts in Chinese history. It was a clash between the forces of Imperial China and those inspired by a self-proclaimed mystic of the Hakka cultural group named Hong Xiuquan, who was also a Christian convert. At least 30 million people are believed to have died.
[11] From the excerpt of the book published by the Hong Kong based Chengming magazine (www.chengmingmag.com), October issue, 1996.
[12] The Great Leap Forward (1958 – 1960) was a campaign by the CCP to jumpstart China's industries, particularly the steel industry. It is widely seen as a major economic disaster.
[13] Published in February 1994 by the Red Flag Publishing House. The quote was translated by the translator.
[14] Unit of Chinese land measurement. 1 mu = 0.165 acre.
[15] Peng Dehuai (1898-1974): Communist Chinese general and political leader. Peng was the chief commander in the Korean War, vice-premier of the State Council, Politburo member, and Minister of Defense from 1954-1959. He was removed from his official posts after disagreeing with Mao's Leftist approaches at the CCP's Lushan Plenum in 1959.
[16] De Jaegher, Raymond J., Enemy Within. Guild Books, Catholic Polls, Incorporated (1968).
[17] The Daxing Massacre occurred in August 1966 during the change of the Party secretary of Beijing. At that time, a speech was made by the Minister of Public Security, Xie Fuzhi, in a meeting with the Public Security Bureau of Beijing regarding no intervention with the Red Guards' actions against the "black five classes." Such a speech was soon relayed to a Standing Committee meeting of the Daxin Public Security Bureau. After the meeting, the Daxin Public Security Bureau immediately took action and formed a plan to incite the masses in Daxin County to kill the "dark five classes."
[18] Zheng Yi, Scarlet Memorial (Taipei: Chinese Television Publishing House, 1993). This book is also available in English: Scarlet Memorial: Tales of Cannibalism in Modern China, by Yi Zheng, translated and edited by T. P. Sym (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1998.)
[19] The "old society," as the CCP calls it, refers to the period prior to 1949 and the "new society" refers to the period after 1949 when the CCP took control over the country.
[20] The Strait Jacket is a jacket-shaped torture implement. The victim's arms are twisted and tied with a rope on the back and then pulled to the front from over the head; this torture can instantly cripple one's arms. After that, the victim is forcefully put into the Strait Jacket and hung up by the arms. The most direct consequence of this cruel torture is the fracture of the bones in the shoulder, elbow, wrist, and back, causing the victim to die in unbearable pain. Several Falun Gong practitioners have died from this torture. Visit the following links for more information:
Chinese: http://search.minghui.org/mh/articles/2004/9/30/85430.html
English: http://www.clearwisdom.net/emh/articles/2004/9/10/52274.html
[21] In 1930, Mao ordered the Party to kill thousands of Party members, Red Army soldiers, and innocent civilians in Jiangxi province in an attempt to consolidate his power in the CCP-controlled areas. Visit the following link for more information:
Chinese: http://kanzhongguo.com/news/articles/4/4/27/64064.html
[22] Gao Gang and Rao Shushi were both members of the CCP Central Committee. After an unsuccessful bid in a power struggle, in 1954, they were accused of plotting to split the Party and were subsequently expelled from the Party.
[23] Zhou Enlai (1898-1976) was second in prominence to Mao in the history of the CCP. He was a leading figure in the CCP and Premier of the People's Republic of China from 1949 until his death.
[24] Wang Xiangen, Documentary of Supporting Vietnam and Fighting with America. (Beijing: International Cultural Publishing Company, 1990)
[25] Zhang Zhixin was an intellectual who was tortured to death by the CCP during the Great Cultural Revolution for criticizing Mao's failure in the Great Leap Forward and being outspoken in telling the truth. Prison guards stripped off her clothes many times, handcuffed her hands to her back and threw her into male prison cells to let male prisoners gang rape her until she became insane. The prison feared she would shout slogans to protest when she was being executed, so they sliced open her throat before her execution.
[26] From Laogai Research Foundation October 12, 2004 report: http://www.laogai.org/news2/newsdetail.php?id=391 (in Chinese).
[27] One of the three tools (means of production, modes of production and relations of production) that Marx used to analyze social class. Relations of production refers to the relationship between the people who own productive tools and those who do not, e.g., the relationship between landlord and tiller or the relationship between capitalist and worker.
[28] From Mencius, Book 3. Penguin Classics series, translated by D.C. Lau.
[29] By Fan Zhongyan (989-1052), prominent Chinese educator, writer and government official from the Northern Song Dynasty. This quote was from his well-known prose, "Climbing the Yueyang Tower."
[30] By Gu Yanwu (1613-1682), an eminent scholar of the early Qing Dynasty.
[31] From Mencius, Book 7. Penguin Classics series, translated by D.C. Lau.
[32] Three-Family Village was the pen name of three writers in the 1960s, Deng Kuo, Wu Han and Liao Mosha. Wu was the author of a play, "Hai Rui Resigning from His Post," which Mao considered a political satire about his relationship with General Peng Dehuai.
[33] A Chinese folk legend, the White-Haired Girl is the story of a female immortal living in a cave who had supernatural abilities to reward virtue and punish vice, support the righteous and restrain the evil. However, in the Chinese "modern" drama, opera, and ballet, she was described as a girl who was forced to flee to a cave after her father was beaten to death for refusing to marry her to an old landlord. She became white-haired for lack of nutrition. Under the pens of the CCP writers, this was transformed into one of the most well-known "modern" dramas in China to incite class hatred of landlords.
[34] Lin Biao (1907-1971), one of the senior CCP leaders, served under Mao Zedong as a member of the Politburo, as Vice Chairman (1958) and Defense Minister (1959). Lin is regarded as the architect of China's Great Cultural Revolution. Lin was designated as Mao's successor in 1966 but fell out of favor in 1970. Sensing his downfall, Lin reportedly became involved in a failed coup and attempted to flee to the USSR once the alleged plot was exposed. His plane crashed in Mongolia on his flight from prosecution, resulting in his death.
[35] Yu Luoke was a human rights thinker and fighter who was killed by the CCP during the Cultural Revolution. His monumental essay "On Family Background" written on January 18, 1967 was one that enjoyed the widest circulation and the most enduring influence of all the essays reflecting the non-CCP thoughts during the years of the Cultural Revolution. Lin Zhao, a Beijing University student majoring in journalism, was classified as a rightist in 1957 for her independent thinking and outspoken criticism of the communist movement. She was charged with conspiracy to overthrow the people's democratic dictatorship and arrested in 1960. In 1962, she was sentenced to 20 years of imprisonment. She was killed by the CCP on April 29, 1968 as a counter-revolutionary.
[36] From http://www.laojiao.org/64/article0211.html (in Chinese).
[37] From "An open letter from Song Meiling to Liao Chengzhi" (August 17, 1982). Source: http://www.blog.edu.cn/more.asp?name=fainter&id=16445 (in Chinese).
(Updated on January 4, 2005)
Reprinted from: http://english.epochtimes.com/news/4-12-23/25124.html
